2025년 02월 15일 출간 | ISBN : 8942391362 | 308쪽

제1부 맞수의 앞 시대 ······························································· 13 Ⅰ. 고구려 미천왕 ······································································· 15 1. 즉위 과정 ··········································································· 15 2. 왕권 중심의 정치 운영 ······················································ 22 3. 정복 활동: 서안평 점령과 낙랑군·대방군 병합 ··············· 25 4. 대외관계 ············································································· 28 Ⅱ. 백제 비류왕 ··········································································· 35 1. 출계와 나이 문제 ······························································· 35 2. 즉위 과정 ··········································································· 37 3. 정치적 기반의 확대와 부체제의 해체 ······························ 40 4. 군사권 장악과 영역 확대 ·················································· 45 5. 벽골지 축조와 경제 기반의 확대 ····································· 47 6. 백제국이라는 이름으로 중국과 교섭 ································ 49 제2부 맞수의 등장 ······································································ 53 Ⅰ. 고구려 고국원왕 ···································································· 55 1. 국가 운영의 기본 방향 ······················································ 55 2. 체제 정비 ··········································································· 60 3. ‘태왕호’와 ‘연수’ 연호의 사용과 독자적 천하관 ············· 69 4. 의관제의 정비 ···································································· 78 5. 인재 등용: 동수 등 중국계 인물의 등용 ······················· 81 6. 정치 운영과 귀족합좌제 ···················································· 84 Ⅱ. 백제 근초고왕 ······································································· 87 1. 부여씨의 왕위 계승권 확립 ·············································· 87 2. 중앙과 지방 통치조직의 정비 ········································· 92 3. 유교 정치이념의 확산과 역사서 편찬 ···························· 102 4. 율령의 반포와 시행 ························································· 104 5. 의관제의 정비: 금동관과 관 장식 ·································· 108 6. 인재 등용: 박사 고흥과 박사 왕인 ······························· 111 7. 정치운영과 대신회의 ······················································· 114 제3부 맞수의 대결 ···································································· 117 Ⅰ. 고국원왕의 서진 좌절과 남진 정책 ··································· 119 1. 고구려의 전연에 대한 대비 ············································· 119 2. 전연의 공격과 고구려의 승리 ······································· 126 3. 서진의 좌절과 남진 추구 ················································ 138 Ⅱ. 근초고왕의 남방 경략과 북진 추구 ··································· 150 1. 남방 경략의 주체와 시기 ················································ 150 2. 신라와의 관계: 약위형제 관계 ········································ 152 3. 가야제국과의 관계: 부형-자제 관계 ······························· 153 4. 영산강 유역 신미국 세력의 병합과 북진 추구 ·············· 155 Ⅲ. 평양성 전투 ········································································· 162 1. 치양 전투: 1차 전초전 ···················································· 162 2. 패하 전투: 2차 전초전 ···················································· 170 3. 평양성 전투와 고국원왕의 전사 ····································· 173 Ⅳ. 맞수의 능묘 ········································································· 179 1. 고국원왕릉: 천추총 ·························································· 179 2. 근초고왕릉: 석촌동 3호분 ··············································· 185 제4부 맞수의 대결 이후 ··························································· 191 Ⅰ. 다시 체제를 정비한 고구려 소수림왕 ······························· 193 1. 즉위와 별칭 소해주류왕 ················································ 193 2. 체제 정비 ········································································· 196 3. 대외 교섭과 교류 ····························································· 204 4. 소수림에 묻힌 소수림왕 ·················································· 208 Ⅱ. 전성기를 구가한 백제 근초고왕 ········································ 209 1. 고구려에 대한 대비 ························································· 209 2. 국제적 위상의 고양 ························································· 213 3. 독자적 천하관 표방 ························································· 219 Ⅲ. 수성의 군주, 백제 근구수왕 ··············································· 222 1. 진씨왕비 ··········································································· 222 2. 국정운영의 기본 방향 ······················································ 224 3. 삼교포함 사상 ································································ 225 4. 동진 및 16국과의 관계 ··················································· 228 5. 아름답지 못한 최후 ························································· 230 Ⅳ. 다시 불붙은 공방전 ···························································· 232 1. 수곡성을 둘러싼 공방전 ·················································· 232 2. 백제 북쪽 경계에서의 전투 ············································· 233 3. 제2차 평양성 공방 ··························································· 234 4. 소강상태 ··········································································· 236 맺는 글: 평양성과 평양성 전투의 역사적 의미 ······················ 239 1. 평양성에 대한 인식 ························································· 239 2. 고구려의 부도 평양성 ······················································ 240 3. 평양성 전투의 역사적 의미 ············································· 245 4. ‘일통삼한’ 의식과 평양 ··················································· 248 후주 254 찾아보기 296

400여 년간 존속하여 정치적, 경제적, 문화적으로 한반도에 많은 영향을 미쳤던 낙랑군의 소멸은 동아시아의 정치 지형과 경제 지형 그리고 문화 지형에 큰 변화를 가져왔다. 고구려와 백제는 낙랑군이 관장하였던 교역 거점으로서의 역할을 하기 위해 경쟁하였다. 국경을 접하게 됨으로써 양국 사이의 군사적 긴장도도 높아졌다. 따라서 낙랑군과 대방군의 멸망은 고대동아시아의 국제질서에 변화를 가져 온 큰 사건의 하나라고 할 수 있겠다.
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이러한 해씨 중심의 정치 운영 상황에 변화를 가져온 큰 사건이 일어났다. 비류왕 18년(321) 내신좌평에 임명된 서제 우복優福이 24년(327)에 북한산성을 근거로 반란을 일으킨 것이다. 이 반란은 백제에서 왕족이 일으킨 최초의 반란이었다. 반란의 과정은 구체적으로 알 수 없지만, 비류왕은 군대를 출동시켜 진압하였다.88 믿었던 동생의 반란은 비류왕에게 큰 충격이었다. 이에 반란을 평정한 비류왕은 반란에 가담한 세력들은 물론 왕권에 걸림돌이 되는 세력마저도 제
거하였다. 부의 장들이 독자적으로 두었던 지배조직을 해체하고, 그들의 경제적 기반이 되었던 반공지半公地와 반공민半公民들은 모두 국왕의 직접 지배를 받는 공지公地와 공민公民으로 전환시켰다. 이리하여 왕실의 위엄과 권위는 부部의 장들을 압도하게 되었다. 그 결과 지배자 집단으로서의 부가 독자적인 운동력을 상실함으로써 부체제는 해체되었다.
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태왕을 일컬은 고구려는 이를 바탕으로 중국의 화이론華夷論을 변용해서 고구려 중심의 차등적 조공관계와 자존적 천하관을 만들었다. 즉 태왕호를 매개로 자신들의 천하가 당시 동아시아 세계를 구성하던 여러 천하와 병존한 것으로 보았다.54 그래서 〈충주고구려비〉에서 보듯이 고구려왕은 태왕을 일컬으면서 신라를 조공국으로 보고그 왕과 신하들에게 의복을 하사하였다. 그 사상적 배경은 전통적 ‘천天’ 개념에 유교적 ‘천天’ 개념을 수용한 고구려적 ‘천天’ 관념이었다.56 이를 바탕으로 고구려는 태왕의 절대성을 나타냈다. 그 시작이 바로 고국원왕대였다.
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백제의 경우 율령 반포의 이러한 전제 조건을 충족하는 여건이 마련된 시기가 근초고왕 대이다. 근초고왕은 왕의 이름이 초고왕에 ‘근近’ 자를 붙여 이루어진 것에서 보듯이 초고왕계의 왕위 계승권을 확립하였다. 지배 귀족 가운데 가장 유력한 귀족인 진씨출신의 여자를 왕비로 맞이하여 지배 기반을 확대하였다. 14관등제를 정비하여 중앙귀족들을 일원적인 관등체계 내로 편제하였고, 담로제라고 하는 지방통치조직을 만들어 지방에 대한 통제력을 강화하였다.
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평양성 밖에서 대치하였을 때 양군이 대결하는 모습은 비록 후대의 일이지만 553년에 벌어진 백합야새百合野塞 전투 모습에서 추론해 볼 수 있다. 백합야새 전투 때 백제군 총사령관은 여창餘昌(위덕왕)이었고, 고구려군 장수는 목 갑옷을 입고 말을 탄 한 사람, 요?(작은징)를 꼽고 말을 탄 두 사람, 표범의 꼬리를 귀고리로 하고 말을 탄 두 사람 모두 5명이었다. 다섯 명의 고구려 장수는 고삐를 나란히 하고 진영에서 나왔다. 이들은 여창에게 “나와 더불어 예로써 문답할자의 성명과 나이와 관등을 알고 싶다”고 하였다. 여창은 “성은 동성이고 관위는 한솔이며, 나이는 29세”라고 대답한 후 그대로 반문하니 고구려 장수도 똑같은 방식으로 대답하였다. 이 기사는 전투하기 전에 상대편 지휘관들끼리 먼저 관등성명을 주고받는 것이 하나의 과정이었음을 보여준다. 그렇다면 371년의 평양성 전투에서도 백제군과 고구려군 지휘관 사이에도 이런 수작酬酌 오가지 않았을까 한다.
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